Today’s state-of-the-art quantum computers rely on powerful classical high‑performance computers for control, calibration, and error correction. As quantum processing units (QPUs) grow from dozens to thousands of qubits, the real‑time measurement and processing demands placed on classical central processing units (CPUs) spike. This pressure is intensified because quantum states are sensitive to their environment, typically lasting less than a few milliseconds, placing even greater strain on the already extremely tight feedback loop between the quantum and classical systems.
A new collaboration between Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and NVIDIA, announced in October 2025, is working to overcome key challenges in hybrid quantum–classical computing. Its goal is to enable QPUs and graphics processing units (GPUs) to operate together in real time, with shorter delays (latency) and far greater data throughput (bandwidth). The interdisciplinary research team at Berkeley Lab has successfully connected the lab’s quantum control stack for QPUs, QubiC (Quantum bit Controller), to NVIDIA DGX Spark GPU using the NVIDIA NVQLink platform for low-latency, high-bandwidth GPU-QPU communication. Hardware testing is expected to conclude in early March, positioning the collaboration for cutting-edge AI-enhanced quantum experiments that will continue to advance the nation’s leadership in scientific discovery and innovation.
An Open Quantum-GPU Computing Workflow
Funded by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, QubiC is an open‑source control and measurement system that has been deployed and tested at Berkeley Lab’s Advanced Quantum Testbed (AQT) by users from national labs, universities, and industry. Inspired by Berkeley Lab’s expertise in controls for particle accelerators, and supported in part by the Quantum Systems Accelerator, QubiC’s modular framework allows quantum and classical workflow components to be replaced or modified independently. QubiC’s open design philosophy has enabled seamless integration with the NVIDIA NVQLink open system architecture, coupling AQT’s QPU with the NVIDIA DGX Spark.
This tightly integrated quantum-classical architecture at AQT facilitates high-bandwidth, low-latency data exchange needed for real-time quantum computing controls. Using a high-speed 100-gigabit networking link, quantum data can flow directly from the QPU to GPU memory with minimal CPU involvement, significantly reducing latency. This efficient feedback loop enables the NVIDIA DGX Spark GPU to analyze results in real time and send updated instructions to the quantum hardware. To push this hybrid architecture even further, the AQT team is integrating NVIDIA’s high-speed networking technology, Hololink IP, into the QubiC gateware to accelerate quantum workloads with classical supercomputing.
The Road to AI-Enhanced Quantum Control
Novel quantum experiments at AQT increasingly demand rapid decisions using classical hardware. To meet the broader scientific community’s evolving needs, the QubiC team will continue supporting cutting-edge research through open access and collaboration with industry, academia, and national laboratories. By open-sourcing the QubiC design early in its development and throughout its integration with industry hardware such as NVIDIA accelerated computing, the Berkeley Lab team hopes that other quantum hardware groups will explore GPU-accelerated hybrid quantum–classical workflows.
Building on the need to integrate quantum computers with classical supercomputers, the next frontier in quantum control is to harness AI. This emerging phase in AI-enhanced quantum control can pave the way beyond small quantum prototype systems with dozens or hundreds of physical qubits toward large-scale quantum computers built from error-corrected logical qubits.
The QubiC team at AQT will continue exploring AI-enhanced quantum control by deploying pre-trained neural network models on the NVIDIA DGX Spark. In particular, they plan to investigate applications such as readout classification, gate tuning, and real-time error correction decoding. They will also test new hybrid quantum–classical algorithms and adaptive techniques to improve quantum computing performance.
Through support from the DOE Office of Science, Berkeley Lab’s collaboration with NVIDIA advances quantum–classical research to enable next-generation discovery. By uniting national laboratory expertise with leading industry capabilities, the collaboration reinforces U.S. leadership in scalable, AI-driven computing. This effort aligns with the goals of the DOE Genesis Mission, which seeks to integrate AI, high-performance computing, and quantum technologies to accelerate the productivity and impact of American innovation.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) is committed to groundbreaking research focused on discovery science and solutions for abundant and reliable energy supplies. The lab’s expertise spans materials, chemistry, physics, biology, earth and environmental science, mathematics, and computing. Researchers from around the world rely on the lab’s world-class scientific facilities for their own pioneering research. Founded in 1931 on the belief that the biggest problems are best addressed by teams, Berkeley Lab and its scientists have been recognized with 17 Nobel Prizes. Berkeley Lab is a multiprogram national laboratory managed by the University of California for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science.
DOE’s Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit energy.gov/science.
